Blood, dust and mud for a temporal bone surgical simulator

We describe the methods used for the simulation of fluids and dust applied in an immersive virtual reality simulation system giving the visual and tactile feedback of the mastoid bone surgery. A particle system has been used to simulate water, blood and dust; each particle has a label describing its material and a different physical behaviour. Water particles are introduced by an irrigator with an initial velocity directed along the irrigator axis, dust particles are generated by the burr performing the surgical bone drilling with an initial velocity depending on the rotation of the burr itself, blood is generated by tissues with negligible initial speed. Particles then move according to Newton's law but are interacting with each other and with bone and other tissues represented as a voxelized volume. To reach real-time performance, all the interactions, even particle-particle interactions are represented as voxel-particle interactions.

@InProceedings{GAGZ02a,
  author       = {Giachetti, A. and Agus, M. and Gobbetti, E. and Zanetti, G.},
  title        = {Blood, dust and mud for a temporal bone surgical simulator},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the European Society of Mathematical and Theoretical Biology, Poster sessions},
  month        = {july},
  year         = {2002},
  address      = {Conference held in Milan, Italy, July 2--6, 2002},
  note         = {idxproject: IERAPSI},
  url          = {https://publications.crs4.it/pubdocs/2002/GAGZ02a},
}